发展“中医农业”，走有中国特色的生态农业之路

2018-08-13 16:08:54 来源：

发展“中医农业”，走有中国特色的生态农业之路

Development of "TCM agriculture" to establish ecological agriculture with the Chinese characteristics

1章力建 2孙建

前言:

农业，从远古走来，伴随着自然界、人类社会和思维的发展，一直走向未来。农业是人类赖以生存与发展的基础和前提，经济、社会、科技的任何变革，不断使农业面临新的机遇与挑战，不断使农业产生新的瓶颈和解放。

当前，我国农业农村经济取得巨大成就，但针对资源环境、农产品质量安全、可持续发展等压力，积极发展“中医农业”，融贯古今、中西合璧、探索发展，是建设中国特色生态农业的理论创新和现实选择。

一、“中医农业”与生态农业内涵外延一致性分析

农业大体分为原始农业、传统农业、石油农业(当代农业)和生态农业四个阶段，当前正处在从石油农业向生态农业转变的关键时期。石油农业一方面带来了农产品大幅增加和劳动生产率大幅提高，另一方面也带来了极大的负面效应，土壤侵蚀与板结、化肥农药过量使用、环境污染等问题。由此，相对于石油农业，以有机农业为基点的“生态农业”理念横空出世，随着可持续发展战略得到全球共同响应，可持续农业也得到了普遍关注和认同，生态农业作为可持续农业发展的组成部分，进入了一个蓬勃发展的新时期，实现了从量的积累到质的飞跃。

“中医农业”是将中医原理和方法应用于农业领域，实现现代农业与传统中医的跨界融合，优势互补，集成创新，产生“1+1>2”效应。

“中医农业”的具体应用，能够为农产品产地水、土、气立体污染综合防控和改善产地环境，促进动植物健康生长，保障农产品的有效供给和质量安全。

1、生态农业具有四大特点：综合性、多样性、高效性和持续性。

2、而中医农业具有三大特点：

一是系统性，即着重农业生态系统以及生物体各部分的内在联系，这是农业内部保持各组成部分之间相对稳定和谐的本质要求；

二是综合性，即形成多方面、多层次的复合效应，也就是通过综合的手段，达到综合的效果；

三是整体性，即作用范围是整个的、全部的，强调覆盖所有生产单元和种养循环链。

从生态农业和中医农业的基本含义分析，二者本质上是一致的，原理上是相通的，方法上是可借鉴的，技术上是可共享的。从二者的内涵、外延分析，狭义上讲，二者内涵有所差别，中医农业强调中华传统医学在现代农业中的具体应用，是古为今用、融贯古今；而生态农业则强调现代科学技术成果和现代管理手段在改造传统农业中的具体应用，是洋为中用、中西合璧。但广义上讲，二者外延基本一致的。

 

二、“中医农业”在农业可持续发展中的基本作用

中医不仅能医治人类的疾病、保障人类的健康，而且其原理和方法对所有动物乃至所有植物都有医治病虫害、促进健康生长的作用，并能有效地改善农产品产地环境和质量。近年来，我国农业科技工作者在相关研究与实践中做了大量的工作，取得了许多成果和经验，加大中医原理和方法在农业上的应用，将5千年古老的中医文明化作农业现代化发展的不竭动力，使中医农业成为我国推进农业可持续发展的力量源泉。中医农业技术体系和应用模式可以在“两药、两料”(农药、兽药、肥料和饲料)四个领域广泛应用，即利用中医原理和方法将动植物以及其他生物元素和天然矿物元素研制成促进动植物生长、防治动植物疫病的营养物质或药剂配方，可以有效实现有机生产、降低药物残留。目前在很多地方，化学药剂的使用给农业生态系统造成了很大破坏，给中医药农药在农业上的应用提供了难得的机会。

中医文化源远流长，在我国农业生产实践自觉或不自觉的就会将中医理论方法应用其中，产生了许多典型案例和良好示范。科学研究表明利用中草药、微生物等制成的肥料、农药和饲料，既改善农产品的产地环境，又保障农产品的优质高产。中医农业技术体系的广泛应用，能够降低农药、化肥、兽药的使用量，防止环境污染，提高资源循环利用效率，促进农产品质量安全，开发功能性农产品，优化食药同源“大食物”战略格局。

 

三、发展“中医农业”的政策建议

“中医农业”是一个既古老又崭新的领域，当前需要我们在传承传统科学精髓的基础上，融入现代高新科技，进行传统科技与现代科技的集成创新。

1、加快制定产业发展规划，制定产业扶持政策，针对中医农业发展过程中面临的挑战和问题，落实战略方案和实施措施。

2、加深关键领域和作用机理研究，鼓励学科联合攻关，打造“中医农业”航空母舰，推动中医农业科研工作的创新发展。

3、加强产品研发，对接“中医农业”全产业链和市场需求，开发出一系列实际效果显著的产品，并提升为国内外著名品牌。

4、对接养生保健的社会需求，拉长中医农业产业链，并在普遍关注的关键领域形成产业集群。

5、注重科普、科教与科研进程的协调，形成一体化协同发展，提高中医农业的社会认知，营造中医农业的良好发展氛围。

1.章力建：中国农业科学院原副院长

国家农产品质量安全风险评估专家委员会副主任

2.孙建：中国林业与环境促进会生态旅游委员会会长

全国生态食材评定中心荣誉主任

  

  

Development of "TCM agriculture" to establish ecological agriculture with the Chinese characteristics
  Lijian Zhang  Jian Sun

 

Preface

Agriculture, which evolved from the ancient antiquity, goes into the future with the development of the nature, and the society and thinking of human. As the basis and prerequisite for survival and development of mankind, agriculture is faced with emerging chances and challenges, and bottlenecks and changes as a result of the reforming of economy, society and science and technology. At present, the active development of “TCM agriculture”, an integration of the ancient and the modern, is a theoretical innovation and realistic choice for the development of international and China characteristic ecological agriculture under the pressure from resources and environment, the quality, safety and sustainability of agriculture.

 

1、Consistency analysis on connotation of  "TCM”agriculture" and Ecological Agriculture

In the history of agriculture, it is generally divided into four stages, including original agriculture, traditional agriculture, oil agriculture( contemporary agriculture) and ecological agriculture. Now, it is being in the critical stage from oil agriculture and ecological agriculture. In the oil agriculture, there are the large increase in agricultural production and labour productivity.However, there are some badly adverse effects, such as, soil erosion and crust, overdose fertilizer and pesticide, environmental pollution and other problems. Therefore, the concept of "ecological agriculture", different from organic agriculture, was carried out in the 1930s and 40s in the United Kingdom and the United States. With the global common response to the strategy of sustainable development in 90s, the sustainable agriculture has also received general attention and recognition. Ecological agriculture, as an integral part of sustainable agricultural development, has been into a thriving period and realized the qualitative leap from the accumulation of the amount.

“TCM agriculture” will bring the effect of “1+1>2” with the application of TCM theory and method into agriculture, and the cross-integration of TCM and modern agriculture in a creative way.

The application of “TCM agriculture” will become a new method of China and other countries, comprehensively protecting and improving soil, water, and air in farmland, promoting the healthy growing of animals and plants, so as to ensure the efficient supply and quality safety.

Ecological agriculture has four major characteristics: comprehensiveness, diversity, high efficiency and stability.

 TCM agriculture has three characteristics:

First, systematicness, that is, focusing on the internal relationship in agricultural ecosystems and between the various parts of the organism, which is the naturally requirements to maintain the relative stability and harmony in the internal components of agriculture; Second, comprehensiveness, that is, the achievement of multi-faceted, multi-level composite effect ----- achieve a comprehensive effect through comprehensive approach; Third, holistic, that is, acting on the whole, and emphasizng all production units and the  planting and raising cycle chain.

From the basic meaning of ecological agriculture and TCM agriculture, the two are essentially consistent, their principles are connected, their methods are mutually referential and their techniques are shared with each other. From their connotation and extension, in a narrow sense, the two connotations are different, because TCM agriculture emphasizes on the application of traditional Chinese medicine into modern agriculture, which is the integration of ancient and modern; While, ecological agriculture emphasizes the specific application of modern scientific and technological achievements and modern management means into the traditional agriculture transformation, which is the learning and utilization of western strengths.But in a broad sense, the two basically have the same extension.

 2、Basic Role of TCM Agriculture in Sustainable Agricultural Development

TCM can not only treat patients, ensure human health, but also be responsible for settling diseases and killing pests, promoting healthy growth according its principles and methods, so as to effectively improve the environment and quality of farmland. In recent years, much efforts have been made by Chinese scientists of agriculture in relevant research and practice, and many achievements have been received. TCM has a long history of 5000 years, and we believe the application of its principles and methods is the source of sustainable development of agriculture.

TCM agricultural technology system and application model can be widely used in four aspects, including pesticides, veterinary drugs, fertilizers and forage. According to TCM principles and methods, animal and plant and other biological elements and natural mineral elements are made into nutrients and pharmaceutical formulations to promote the growth and prevent and control the diseases of animals and plants, which can effectively achieve organic production, reduce drug residues. At present, in many places, the use of chemical agents has caused a great damage to the agricultural ecosystem. Thus, it is very necessary to apply TCM pesticides into agriculture.

TCM has a long history, and its principles and methods has always influenced the agricultural production and practice in China, and also there have been a lot of typical and good examples. Scientific research shows that the use of fertilizer, pesticides and feed made from Chinese herbal medicine and microorganisms improves the environment of agricultural products, and guarantees their quality and high yield.

The wide application of TCM agricultural technology system can reduce the use of pesticides, fertilizers, veterinary medicine so as to prevent environmental pollution, improve the efficiency of resource recycling. It  also promote the quality and safety of agricultural products and the development of functional agricultural products, optimizing "big food" pattern of affinal drug and diet.

 3、Suggestion

TCM agriculture requires the integration of traditional science and modern technology.

First of all, we need to speed up the formulation of industrial development programs and industrial support policies. And, efforts are made to implement strategic programs and measures in response to the challenges and problems in the development of TCM agriculture.

Second, we will do more researches on key areas and action mechanisms. Multi-subject should be integrated in the development of TCM agriculture.

Third, we will promote the research and development of products to meet the market demands and the full industry chain.

Fourth, efforts are made to meet the social needs of health care, lengthen TCM agricultural industry chain so as to form industrial clusters.

Fifth, attention should be paid to the coordination and development of science popularization, science and education and scientific research so as to improve the social cognition of TCM agriculture and create a good development atmosphere.